Minnesota has a rich geologic history
Ancient Rocks 3.6 billion years ago. Morton Gneiss (pronounced “nice”) is one of the oldest rocks on Earth. Outcrops of gneiss can be found just an hour west of the Twin Cities in the town of Morton.
One Billion Years ago. Volcanoes on the North Shore of Lake Superior. Many of the rocks we are going to study are from that era, including: basalt and Lake Superior Agate.
Basalt lava flows north of Duluth from volcanoes one billion years ago.
450 million years ago, there was an inland sea that covered much of North America. The Twin Cities was underwater as evidenced by ocean fossils found in St. Paul. A few of the rocks we are going to study were formed during this time period including: Shale and limestone.
Prehistoric squid
Trilobite
15,000 years ago Glacial Period – The glaciers moved only a few feet a year and carried many of the rocks we find today from Northern Minnesota to the Twin Cities area. Also when the glaciers melted it formed most of the lakes we see in Minnesota.
Glacial ice
Glacial Till. When the glaciers melted it left hills of rocks and sand that had been pulverized inside of the glacier. If you have a hill near your home, it was probably formed in this manner.
Glacial Lakes were formed when the glaciers melted. The weight of the ice caused the earth to be pushed down, forming what is called an ice block lake. (Lake Minnetonka in photo below)
Glacial erratics are large rocks that were carried on top of the glacier and did not get ground up inside of the glacier. When the glacier melted, the rocks dropped to the ground.
If you have seen a large rock in your neighborhood, it is probably a glacial erratic.
Glacial rocks are everywhere in your neighborhood environment. What is meant by “glacial rocks”? How did the rocks get in your neighborhood? What are the names and stories of some of the glacial rocks? Using the guide below, see what types of rocks you can find in your neighborhood.
15,000 years ago a huge glacier covered most of Minnesota, Wisconsin and other states in the Northern US. As the glacier moved along it gouged out many types of rocks and carried them south moving at a speed of only a foot a day.
Rocks that were inside of the glacier got ground up into smaller stones. If you have seen a large boulder in your neighborhood, it is called a “glacial erratic”. It was not inside the glacier, but rode on top of the glacier and was not ground up.
When the Earth began to warm, the glaciers melted and the rocks inside came out, leaving what is called “glacial till”. Glacial till has many many sizes of rocks in it, from large boulders to sand. Many of the hills in our neighborhoods are made of glacial till. People mined the hills and sold the rocks for landscaping, road material, and concrete.